Journal of Radiography and Radiation Sciences
The Journal of Radiography and Radiation Sciences (JRRS) is the official journal of the Association of Radiographers of Nigeria (ARN). It covers all aspects of diagnostic and therapeutic radiography, diagnostic and interventional radiology, hospital practice, radiography education, forensic and industrial radiography. Papers published include original articles, case reports, systematic reviews, technical notes, and relevant letters to the editor geared towards advancing the knowledge and practice of radiography in Africa and beyond. Title-Level DOI: https://doi.org/10.82547/issn.2736-1063
All articles in JRRS are published under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (CC BY 4.0). This permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
A SONOGRAPHIC CASE REVIEW OF PATHOLOGIES AROUND THE SHOULDER JOINT
The shoulder is one of the most problematic musculoskeletal regions and can generate pain and disability when associated with pathologies of rotator cuff (RC) or non-rotator cuff (NRC) structures. Musculoskeletal ultrasound (US) has become an important diagnostic tool to visualize these entities in a dynamic, real-time and cost-efficient manner compared to other imaging options, such as MRI or arthroscopy. Ultrasound can confidently identify key findings such as fluid in the anatomical bursae or joint, changes in the symmetry of a torn bursa, and thinning and disruption of rotator cuff tendons. Our pictorial review showed partial and full tears of the infraspinatus and supraspinatus tendons, impingement, and fluid within the subacromial-subdeltoid bursa, biceps, and calcific tendinopathy among other findings. Our approach is to have a structured way of examining the shoulder joint, in a stable position as well as during a range of dynamic movements. The tendons and structures are interrogated in transverse and longitudinal planes and images are recorded. The limited experience of many operators in our environment requires that sonographic protocols are standardized, with emphasis on improved training and the use of advanced imaging techniques like elastography and contrast-enhanced ultrasound, to enhance diagnostic capabilities. Our review has reinforced the importance of Musculoskeletal ultrasound in identifying major changes such as partial and full tears of the infraspinatus and supraspinatus tendons, impingement, and fluid within the subacromial-subdeltoid bursa, biceps, and calcific tendinopathy, among other findings. Furthermore, the use of standardized protocols by an experienced operator would improve diagnostic confidence and yield.
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Operational and Financial Challenges in Private Diagnostic Imaging Centers: A Qualitative Study in Enugu State, Nigeria
Introduction: Private diagnostic imaging centers contributes significantly to strengthening healthcare delivery, though its establishment and management in low-resource settings are with significant financial and operational constraints. However, there is limited empirical evidence documenting these challenges from the perspective of radiographer-entrepreneurs in Nigeria. Objective: To explore the operational and financial challenges involved in establishing and managing private diagnostic imaging centers in Enugu State, Nigeria. Materials and Methods: This study employed a qualitative design using semi-structured interviews with ten owners of private diagnostic imaging centers in Enugu State, selected through purposive sampling. Data were collected through face-to-face interviews, with detailed field notes documented during and after each session. The data were analyzed using thematic analysis to identify recurrent patterns and key themes. Results: Four major themes emerged: (1) financial barriers to establishment, particularly difficulties in raising startup capital; (2) persistent operational challenges, including poor power supply, low patient throughput, and equipment maintenance constraints; (3) systemic issues, including informal referral practices and regulatory demands; and (4) reliance on personal savings as the primary source of capital. Financial constraints were identified as the central factor underlying both establishment and ongoing operational challenges. Conclusion: Private diagnostic imaging centers in Enugu State operate within a resource-constrained environment where financial limitations significantly affect both establishment and sustainability. Addressing structural financing barriers and operational inefficiencies may improve the viability of such centers.
Diagnostic imaging centers; qualitative research; healthcare entrepreneurship; financial constraints; Nigeria; health systems
Cleidocranial Dysplasia In A 12-Year-Old Male Patient: A Case Report
Cleidocranial dysplasia (CCD) is a rare congenital skeletal disorder characterized by defective intramembranous ossification, most notably involving the clavicles and craniofacial bones. It is commonly associated with mutations in the Runx2 gene. Diagnosis is primarily clinical, based on the recognition of characteristic skeletal features, and is supported by radiological imaging, particularly X-rays. The objective of this report is to describe and report an incidental diagnosis of CCD in a 12-year-old male patient who presented with respiratory symptoms and underwent a chest X-ray for suspected chest infection at a diagnostic centre in Osogbo, Nigeria. In the case we report, patient’s lungs and cardiac silhouette were unremarkable, careful image evaluation revealed bilateral absence of the clavicles. Correlation with physical findings, including excessive shoulder mobility and narrow, drooping shoulders, confirmed the diagnosis of CCD. This case highlights the importance of radiographer vigilance, thorough image assessment beyond the primary clinical indication, and the potential to identify rare skeletal disorders during routine imaging examinations.
Copyright (c) 2026 Journal of Radiography and Radiation Sciences https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Nephrogenic Systemic Fibrosis (NSF): An assessment of perception and practice of Nigerian MRI Radiographers.
Background: Nephrogenic Systemic Fibrosis (NSF) is a serious fibrotic disorder seen in patients with kidney impairment, triggered by gadolinium-based contrast agents (GBCAs) used in MRI. It manifests with skin thickening, joint contractures, and potential organ involvement, with no available cure. Linear GBCAs have higher associated risks, prompting global regulatory restrictions. As MRI utilization increases in Nigeria, the level of radiographers’ awareness and adherence to NSF prevention guidelines remains unclear. Assessing their training and clinical practices is essential for improving patient safety and aligning with international standards. Objective: To assess the perception, knowledge, and clinical practices of MRI radiographers regarding NSF and GBCA safety. Method: A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted to evaluate knowledge, awareness, perception, and practices regarding NSF and GBCA safety among Nigerian MRI radiographers. Participants involved in patient screening and GBCA administration across multiple centers were surveyed using a structured, pre-tested questionnaire adapted from validated instruments. Data analysis employed descriptive and inferential statistics to assess understanding and compliance with NSF prevention protocols. Ethical approval and participant confidentiality were strictly maintained. Results: Among 42 surveyed Nigerian MRI radiographers, 78.4% were aware of NSF, but only 37.8% demonstrated comprehensive knowledge of prevention guidelines. Overall knowledge was adequate; however, notable gaps existed concerning gadolinium contrast risks and renal function markers. Weight-based gadolinium dosing was commonly practiced. Renal screening protocols varied, being more consistently applied in private healthcare facilities. Radiographers’ experience and clinical role significantly influenced NSF knowledge, while the practice environment predicted adherence to safety measures. Conclusion: MRI radiographers demonstrate general awareness of NSF, but gaps persist in guideline familiarity and standardized renal screening practices. Strengthening education, institutional protocols, and regulatory oversight may enhance patient safety and reduce NSF risk.
ROLE EXTENSION TO FILM REPORTING: HOW COMPLIANT ARE RADIOGRAPHERS IN THE SOUTH EASTERN NIGERIA?
Background: Role extension in radiography, particularly participation in image interpretation and film reporting, has been adopted in several healthcare systems to improve service delivery and address workforce shortages. In Nigeria, radiographers increasingly undertake extended roles, yet the level of compliance with film reporting practices and the contexts in which these roles are performed remain insufficiently documented. Objective: This study aimed to evaluate the extent of radiographers’ involvement in X-ray film reporting as part of role extension and to assess patterns of compliance among practicing radiographers in South-Eastern Nigeria. Methods: A cross-sectional survey design was employed. Data were collected using a structured, self-administered questionnaire distributed electronically to practicing radiographers who met predefined inclusion criteria. The questionnaire assessed demographic characteristics, training in image interpretation, involvement in film reporting, practice setting, and perceptions of role extension. Data were analyzed using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS), and results were summarized using descriptive statistics. Results: Findings revealed that a proportion of radiographers were actively involved in X-ray film reporting, with higher participation observed in private healthcare facilities compared to public institutions. Involvement was more common among radiographers who had received formal or informal training in image interpretation. However, variability in compliance with structured reporting practices and institutional support was identified. Conclusion: Radiographers in South-Eastern Nigeria demonstrate growing involvement in film reporting as part of role extension, particularly in private practice. Structured training, professional recognition, and policy support are recommended to strengthen compliance and ensure safe, standardized implementation of extended reporting roles.
THE PROBLEMS OF SAFETY IN A NUCLEAR POWER INDUSTRY
*]:pointer-events-auto scroll-mt-[calc(var(--header-height)+min(200px,max(70px,20svh)))]" dir="auto" tabindex="-1" data-turn-id="request-694a95e7-fcc4-8330-b2ec-bcd451d022e3-13" data-testid="conversation-turn-166" data-scroll-anchor="true" data-turn="assistant"> This paper attempts to analyse the safety problems during the operation of nuclear power plants, the responsibility of the government to the safety of the public, environmental hazards from radiation effluents, safety in the transportation of nuclear materials, nuclear waste product management, and safety regulations in an isotope laboratory.
The question of morality in medical radiography has been an important one and will continue to be in the future. The idea of morality appears in every sphere of human endeavour, in its efforts to better his lot. There is the question of morality in the activities of a government, which should always have its decisions guided by ethical considerations (consider Jimmy Carter’s campaigns about morality in international relations). Professionals need to consider constantly the question of morals—particularly professionals who come in contact with human beings as they practice their convention—passing through it, and it is a well-known fact that when abused, these radiations are capable of harmful effects on the body.
SOME PROBLEMS ASSOCIATED WITH RADIOGRAPHY OF CHILDREN AND HOW TO MINIMISE THEM
From experience, paediatric radiography is very exerting and time-consuming. For most of these children who come to the X-ray department, it is their first visit and they are very apprehensive. They are very sensitive to strangers touching or undressing them. The environment is strange to them and the looming X-ray equipment does not help to improve the situation. In this country, communication is also a problem as the radiographer may not always be able to speak the child’s language. Some of these children come to the X-ray department after visiting the injection room. To them, their visit to the X-ray department means another injection, therefore they must fight if only to avert the needle. The child, especially the infant, is not able to tell the radiographer where it hurts. In cases of road traffic accidents and battered babies—the latter category is no longer limited to European countries—cases of battered babies come up from time to time to our department. In cases of osteogenesis imperfecta, their bones fracture very easily. All these categories of patients need very careful handling. Preparing children for any special radiological examination is always very problematic. There is the problem of movement and adequate immobilisation during X-rays as these children are not always able to communicate fully with the radiographer; breath holding during chest X-rays is difficult. When we consider the hazards of radiation, we will find that the effects of X-radiation are more acute on children than adults since the rate of cell division is higher in children; there is less margin of exposure error in the child than in the adult.
Nuclear having to do with the nucleus. In this case it does with the nuclei of atoms of elements. Medicine: Science of diagnosis and control of diseases. Nuclear Medicine is thus medicine utilizing nuclear changes in atoms of elements known as radioactive elements. This class of elements e.g., radium, caesium, and iodine, undergo nuclear transformations with the atomic nuclei disintegrating and giving radiations e.g., gamma radiation, and particles e.g., alpha or beta particles. These emissions travel at different ranges in different media, with the shortest range emission being alpha particle followed by beta particle. As they pass through a medium, the emissions produce ionization and in some media of living tissues the ionization takes place in the chemical set up of the tissue. This alters normal chemical structures of an affected unit and normal metabolic processes connected with the unit are disrupted.
*]:pointer-events-auto scroll-mt-[calc(var(--header-height)+min(200px,max(70px,20svh)))]" dir="auto" tabindex="-1" data-turn-id="request-694a95e7-fcc4-8330-b2ec-bcd451d022e3-9" data-testid="conversation-turn-158" data-scroll-anchor="true" data-turn="assistant"> IONISING RADIATION IN MEDICINE This is clearly a big topic which I can hardly do justice to in such a short time. Nevertheless I think we could start by trying to define or explain what one means by ionizing radiation. RADIATION is a term used in physics to denote any form of energy that can be propagated through space — sometimes a material medium is required for the propagation as, for example, in the case of sound. However, most forms of radiation are capable of travelling through free space. All “free-space” are classifiable as CORPUSCULAR with atomic particles. One of the most important and certainly the most familiar forms of radiation is electromagnetic. This is radiated by matter whenever electric charges (usually electrons) are accelerated. The accelerations of the charges may result purely from the motions associated with the temperature of the material, in which case the radiation is said to be thermal, or they may be due to specific processes, such as electrical discharge, high frequency alternating currents, etc.
RADIOGRAPHIC INVESTIGATION OF DEFECTIVE SPEECH STILL PALATOGRAPHY
INTRODUCTION The Orthopaedic Hospital, Enugu is relatively new and its Department of Diagnostic Radiology has a history of about five and a half years. The purpose of this paper is to present the practical aspect of the radiographic technique used for assessment of speech difficulties encountered mostly by patients with cleft palate deformities. In the oropharynx the soft palate hangs down at rest, from the posterior edge of the hard palate. Between the soft palate and the posterior pharyngeal wall is the palatopharyngeal isthmus which connects the oropharynx with the nasopharynx. During active oral speech, the soft palate closes off this isthmus by its upward movement impinging with its lavator eminence on the contracting posterior pharyngeal wall usually just above the level of the arch of the atlas. To achieve this competent sphincteric action in a normal cerebrate individual the whole palate must be intact, the soft palate mobile and of adequate length in relation to the pharyngeal cavity. Defective speech will therefore occur in a normal cerebrate person if the hard or soft palate is cleft, the soft palate paralysed or the pharynx too roomy. Of all these the commonest condition we have dealt with in our plastic Surgical Service is the cleft palate. We have used lateral X-ray palatographs now for four years to investigate velo-pharyngeal competence in these cases.
BIOLOGICAL IMPLICATIONS OF NATIONAL NUCLEAR POTENTIAL
As far back as 1947, radiactivity was identified with Tin Mine industry in Plateau State of Nigeria by the Geological and Survey Division of the United Kingdom Atomic Energy Commission. The presence of Uranium and Thorium were confirmed as principal sources of radiactivity. Following this ' discovery, a ‘Radiation Protection Panel' was set up in 1958 by the Federal Government to advise it on their biological implications, under the auspices of the Federal Ministry of Health. Subsequently, Nigeria took up membership of International Atomic Energy Agency.
IMPLICATIONS OF NATIONAL NUCLEAR POTENTIAL
Radiation protection in diagnostic radiography cannot be over emphasized when the lethal effects of taking excess radiation into the body is taken into cognisance, This is Why concerted effort must be made-by all the people involved in the use of radiation to ensure that the doses received are as small as possible so that the damage which may occur will not constitute a threat to the health of the irradiated person and succeeding generations. It is also in pursuance of this objective that the "Code of Practice for the protection of persons against ionizing radiations arising from medical and Dental Use" was published in 1964
BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN RADIOGRAPHY IN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
*]:pointer-events-auto scroll-mt-[calc(var(--header-height)+min(200px,max(70px,20svh)))]" dir="auto" tabindex="-1" data-turn-id="request-694a95e7-fcc4-8330-b2ec-bcd451d022e3-5" data-testid="conversation-turn-150" data-scroll-anchor="true" data-turn="assistant"> INTRODUCTION My main purpose of writing this article is to share my training experiencein Radiography in the U.S.A., the requirements for admission, duration of ‘the course, some courses taken alongside, the organisational set up and heirachy in the department and the school. ORGANISATIONAL SET-UP A degree programme in radiography became a new phenomenon in 1976 in Philadelphia Previously students graduated with a Diploma from the institution. Other states such as California, Florida, Baltimore, New Jersey and Pennsylvania had been undertaking the degree programme for many years. The Thomas Jefferson University is one of the institutions in Philadelphia which is predominantly a white school and a medical institution. The University consists of two main divisions, the medical school and the school for Allied Health Sciences. The School of Allied health science is subdivided into five programmes and they are as follows,School of Radiography, School of Nursing, School of Cytology, School of Dental hygeine and the School of medical technology.
Radiography in the United States of America
*]:pointer-events-auto scroll-mt-[calc(var(--header-height)+min(200px,max(70px,20svh)))]" dir="auto" tabindex="-1" data-turn-id="request-694a95e7-fcc4-8330-b2ec-bcd451d022e3-3" data-testid="conversation-turn-148" data-scroll-anchor="true" data-turn="assistant"> Mr, Chairman, Ladies and Gentlemen. My brief this afternoon concerns the subject of Assessment and Evaluation particularly that aspect of it relating to the Educational Process. | intend to present for consideration methods we have found suitable for evaluating the study of Radiographic Technique in Nigeria. It is apposite at his stage to come to an understanding as to the meaning of the words “Assessment” and Evaluation”. The Oxford Universal Dictionary defines “assessment” as “the action of assessing; the amount assessed, the official valuation of property or income for the purposes of taxation, the value assigned to it’. It also defines “evaluation” as the action of evaluating, working out the value of; finding a numerical expression for, reconing up; ascertaining the amount of; expressing in terms of the known. From the foregoing, | propose to cull out definitions which are relevant to the object of this paper namely that ‘Assessment’ is a way of measuring a student's ability using his initial performance as the parameter (Standard of Judgement). It is a measure of progress. ‘Evaluation’ would be the measurement of a student's ability against a known standard (external criterion).
MANPOWER PRODUCTION FOR RADIOGRAPHIC SERVICE WITH PARTICULAR REFERENCE TO BASIC HEALTH SERVICE
Radiography in Medicine can be classified into three aspects namely: (i) Diagnostic Radiography — Administration of X-Rays and other forms of radiant energy to the patient in order to record diagnostic images of the internal structures and organs of the body tor the purpose of aiding or confirming medical diagnosis. The recording media of the image may be X-Ray film, fluorescent screen, video tape, etc. (ii) Therapeutic Radiography — Administration of X andGamma Rays and other ionising radiations to the patient so as to produce therepeutic effect in the diseased tissues. (ii) Nuclear Medicine — Use of radio nuclides (in vivo, in vitro) with related detectors to monitor the function and structures of.the internal organs of the patient. The nuclides may also be used to produce therapeutic effect.
AN EVALUATION OF SOME COMMON LABORATORY MATERIALS BY X-RAY ATTENUATION, FOR USE AS HUMAN TISSUE SUBSTITUTES
Background: Readily available and cost-effective laboratory materials can be used to create imaging phantoms or test objects for radiographic studies, providing alternatives to commercial phantoms. Purpose: To develop and evaluate laboratory materials that can simulate tissue for use in diagnostic radiography image quality studies. Materials and Methods: Laboratory Magnesium Sulphate (MgSO₄) and table salt (NaCl) were mixed with paraffin wax in an 80:20% weight ratio to form test materials (MgSO₄:PW1 and NaCl:PW2). Rice powder and gelatine, separately and in combination (20g gelatine in 100ml warm water + 100g rice powder), were also prepared as test objects. Ratios were optimized using the web-based photon interaction software XCOM (NIST, USA) to closely match tissue data. Test samples were formed into 1 cm blocks and exposed to narrow beam X-rays over the diagnostic energy range (50–150 kV) under automatic exposure conditions. Measured results were compared with calculated values. Results: Good agreement within 10% was observed between measured and calculated values for four out of five tested samples. Mass attenuation coefficients of gelatine, PW1, and the rice-gelatine combination (Rigel) showed acceptable matching with simulated tissue at high photon energies (0.04–0.05 MeV and above). Conclusion: MgSO₄-paraffin, NaCl-paraffin, gelatine, and rice-gelatine test objects provide suitable tissue substitutes and can be used effectively in image quality studies in diagnostic radiography.
ADAPTING THE CDRH ABDOMINAL PHANTOM FOR DOSE-IMAGE QUALITY OPTIMISATION IN ABDOMINAL RADIOGRAPHY
Background: Medical X-ray phantoms are used to simulate patient anatomy for the assessment of radiation dose and image quality. While the Centre for Devices and Radiological Health (CDRH) has designed phantoms for chest studies, an abdominal phantom suitable for image quality evaluation has not been reported. Purpose: To evaluate the performance of a CDRH abdominal phantom in conventional radiography of the abdomen and establish its equivalence to clinical patient images for quality control purposes. Materials and Methods: The abdominal phantom was exposed under standard radiographic conditions, and results were compared with clinical abdominal radiographs. Beam transmission (BT) and optical density (OD) were measured, and statistical comparisons were made to assess equivalence. Results: The phantom showed a beam transmission difference of 21.2% (r = 0.3; p > 0.05) and an optical density of 1.62 compared to 1.65 in patient abdominal films (p = 0.54). Despite some variations and poor linearity with patient data, the phantom met optical density requirements, and it was portable, adjustable, and easy to assemble. Conclusion: The CDRH abdominal phantom can be effectively used in image quality studies in diagnostic radiology, providing a practical tool for quality control in the absence of patient exposure.
USEFULNESS OF X-RAYS IN THE EVALUATION OF PATIENTS WITH PAINS OF THE UPPER LIMB
Background: Conventional X-ray imaging is widely available in Nigeria and is commonly used for evaluating musculoskeletal complaints, including upper-limb pain. Purpose: To determine the usefulness of X-rays in assessing upper-limb pain, in terms of contribution to diagnosis, cost, patient care, management, and the value of different radiographic views. Materials and Methods: A judgmental, non-probability sampling approach was used. A total of 247 radiographs were selected based on request forms and radiologist reports. Results were analyzed in terms of contribution to diagnosis, therapeutic decisions, and patient care, with comparison to 72 computed tomography (CT) scans of similar cases. Results: Conventional X-rays contributed 47.70% to therapeutic decision-making and patient management. Among radiographic views, the oblique view had the highest positive outcome (51.50%), followed by posterior-anterior (27.14%) and lateral views (22.16%). CT scans improved diagnostic yield, showing 68.06% of cases accurately diagnosed as pain from trauma, spondylosis, osteomyelitis, or disc space narrowing, enhancing therapeutic decisions and patient care. Conclusion: While conventional X-rays remain useful, CT and other imaging modalities should supplement X-ray examinations for upper-limb pain to improve diagnostic accuracy and support effective patient management.
RADIOGRAPHIC EVALUATION OF AGE AND GENDER RELATED CORTICAL BONE THINNING USING THE METACARPAL INDEX METHOD: A LAGOS BASED POPULATION STUDY
Background: Cortical bone thickness decreases with age and may differ between genders. The metacarpal index (MCI) is a reliable measure for assessing cortical bone thinning. Purpose: To evaluate age- and gender-related cortical bone thinning using the metacarpal index method. Materials and Methods: A retrospective study was conducted using 850 dorsi-plantar radiographs of the left hand (436 males, 414 females) performed from 2003–2005. Cortical width of the second metacarpal and shaft was measured to calculate the MCI. Values were compared across different age ranges and between sexes. Results: The study showed a gradual increase in MCI for both sexes from 20–40 years, peaking at 57.4 ± 2 for males and 52.8 ± 0.2 for females at 40 years. A linear decrease in MCI was observed after the fifth decade. Males exhibited higher MCI values than females at all ages, with mean values of 53.3 ± 3.2 and 46.21 ± 3.9, respectively. Cortical thinning was more rapid in females than in males. Conclusion: Cortical bone thickness, as measured by MCI, increases until mid-adulthood and declines thereafter, with females showing a faster rate of cortical thinning compared to males.
SCATTERING OF THE EXIT BEAM AT THE PATIENT–CASSETTE FRONT MATERIAL INTERFACE BY EBONY WOOD
Background: As part of the search for substitute materials for use as radiographic equipment accessories in developing countries, scattering of the exit beam at phantom-material (simulating the patient-cassette) interface has been investigated for Ebony wood and aluminium, for comparison, using thermoluminescent detectors (TLD). Purpose: To investigate the scattering of the exit beam at the phantom-material interface for Ebony wood and aluminium, and assess the potential of Ebony wood as a substitute radiographic accessory. Materials and Methods: Thermoluminescent detectors (TLD) were used to measure exit beam scattering at the phantom-material interface under varying tube potentials and radiation field sizes. Statistical analysis for independent samples was conducted to determine significance at the 95% confidence interval. Results: Results showed that there was no statistical difference in the scattering of the exit beam towards the phantom by the two tested materials (P = 0.3) with changes in tube potential. Variation of radiation field size, however, produced a marked difference. Conclusion: Ebony wood may be used as a substitute for aluminium as a radiographic accessory, subject to further radiographic tests and confirmation.
VALUE OF CONVENTIONAL SKULL X-RAYS EXAMINATION IN THE EVALUATION OF PATIENTS WITH SPACE OCCUPYING LESIONS AGAINST COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY IN NIGERIA
Background: Today, patients would like to know about their diseases and diagnostic/treatment choices available to aid their medical care. Purpose: To assess the value of conventional skull x-ray examination in the evaluation of patients with intracranial space occupying lesion (SOL) in comparison with Computed Tomography brain scan. Materials and Methods: A total of three hundred and forty four (344) radiographs and seventy two (72) scanograms were used. Radiographs of the skull which queried intra-cranial space occupying lesions, with good contrast and well demonstrated structures as well as an accompanying radiologists report were assessed for contribution to diagnosis, views for detailed information, cost-effectiveness and patient care/management. Findings were compared to computed tomography images of patients with the same conditions. Results: The result showed that the contribution of skull x-ray for patients with suspected (SOL) was 48.55% as against 68.06% for CT scan. Lateral view had 51.50% as a better view against postero-anterior (PA) and other views showing 28.14% and 20.36% respectively. Conclusion: This study showed that conventional skull x-ray should be supplemented by CT scan and other imaging modalities especially in developing countries like Nigeria. This is due to their non-availability and may be affordability by a large number of the populaces.
ESTIMATES OF PAEDIATRIC DOSES FOR COMMON RADIOGRAPHIC PROCEDURES IN SOME NIGERIAN HOSPITALS
Purpose: To determine and establish doses in paediatric radiography for hospitals which have no previous data. Materials and Methods: X-ray examination data were collected and used as input in a dose calculation software (DOSECAL, from St. Georges’ Hospital, London) to obtain absorbed doses to the skin (entrance surface dose, ESD) as well as organ and effective doses. The study covered five common radiological examinations. Results: Entrance surface and effective doses were found to be generally higher in agreement with an earlier study using thermoluminescent dosimetry, while organ doses were lower than the values for similar age groups in the literature. Causes of these high doses are attributed to the type, age and conditions of radiographic equipment, radiographic exposure factors (low kVp - which also accounts for low organ doses, and high mAs in some cases), film processing conditions and lack of quality assurance programmes. Suggestions and recommendations are outlined for dose reduction to within recommended international limits. Conclusion: Doses obtained in this study will serve as a basis for comparison of future studies in the area.
MIMICKING THE CHEST RADIOGRAPH: PATIENT EQUIVALENCE OF THE CDRH CHEST PHANTOM WITH ADDED INSERT
Objective: To evaluate medical X-ray doses and image quality, so called phantoms that mimic particular aspects of the patient are used. The Centre for Devices and Radiological Health (CDRH) chest phantom has been used for studies of radiation exposure to the lung fields under automatic exposure (AEC) conditions. Recently, a quasi-anatomical insert was introduced to create contrast between chest organs. Direct comparison of the phantom performance with clinical chest images has not been reported previously. This study applies the phantom to conventional radiography imaging of the chest to establish its patient equivalence. Methods: Entrance doses with backscatter and chest radiographs of 77 patients were mirrored in the phantom at the same exposure factors. Optical density (OD) as well as beam transmission through the different regions of both media were also compared. A 2-sample t-test was used to test for differences while the Pearson's correlation coefficient (r) was used to test the strength of (any) linear relationship between the measured parameters in both media. Results: Results show a 13.5% difference in entrance surface doses (ESD). Beam transmission through both media showed statistically significant differences (P = 0.05). ODlung was higher in CXR than the phantom images. OD (lung + ribs) on the CXR was not statistically different (P = 0.09) from the phantom ODlung. Mean OD for the mediastinum varied by 28%. Differences are statistically significant (P < 0.05) in all areas except the diaphragm (P = 0.8). Conclusion: A linear relationship was found between measurements made with the phantom and CXR for beam transmission and for optical density. Thus the phantom can provide a useful test tool for both perceptual studies and quality assurance (QA) in chest radiography.
NULLIPARITY, DELAYED CHILD BIRTH AND OBESITY: POTENTIAL RISK FACTORS FOR DEVELOPMENT OF UTERINE FIBROID IN SOUTH-SOUTH NIGERIA
Background: Causes of fibroid are still unknown. Despite series of cytogenetic investigations, the uncertainty remains as to the primary or secondary genetic changes and their impact on the initiation or promotion of fibroid development. Purpose: To determine the effect of obesity, nulliparity and delayed child birth on the occurrence of uterine fibroid. Materials and Methods: A prospective sonographic survey was carried out in a population of women in South-South region of Nigeria. Ultrasound scan was performed in 240 randomly selected women aged 20 – 45 years, presenting for scans at the time of study. Subjects’ ages and reproductive history were obtained to ascertain their parity status and ages at which parous women had their first children. Results: Results showed a weak positive association (r = 0.1; p < 0.05) between uterine fibroid and delayed child birth and nulliparity at 31-35 years. A strong positive association (r = 0.9; p < 0.05) was observed at 36 – 45 years. There was no statistically significant association between low, normal and high body mass index with uterine fibroid; however, a significant association (r = 0.85; p < 0.05) was observed with obesity. Conclusion: Delayed child birth and nulliparity after 36 years of age appeared to be the most potent risk factor for uterine fibroid in the population studied.
THE EFFECTS OF SOLAR PANEL TEMPERATURE ON THE POWER OUTPUT EFFICIENCY IN CALABAR, NIGERIA
Background: The current push for adoption of alternative energy sources necessitates research into parameters that would enhance the optimum harvest of the benefits of such efforts. Purpose: To determine the effects of solar panel temperature on its efficiency in Calabar, Nigeria, by determining the output current and voltage changes due to solar panel temperature. Materials and Methods: A modern digital thermometer, Model 220k type, and Alda ADV 890C digital multimeter, were used to obtain measurements of solar panel temperatures, current and voltage, respectively, in Calabar, Nigeria. Comparisons were made of the values of current and voltage obtained with solar panel temperature changes, and efficiency of the output of the solar panels determined by calculation using efficiency as given by Kachhava (2003). Results: Results indicate that a maximum output current of 18.4 x 10⁻¹A was recorded at 42.8°C. Beyond this temperature, the output current dropped down to 12 x 10⁻¹A at 54.8°C. The voltage output remained relatively stable as solar panel temperature increased. Power output efficiency dropped from 82.3% at 42.8°C to 52.4% at 54.8°C. Conclusion: High solar panel temperatures may have adverse effects on solar panel efficiency. The result obtained in this study suggests a maximum operating temperature of solar panel in Calabar, Nigeria.
MILD HEAD INJURY: CRITERIA FOR COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY SCAN
Background/Objective: Mild Head Injury (MHI) is the most common type of head trauma, and forms a majority of the injuries seen in the trauma unit (65–85%). This study was aimed at using previously identified clinical risk factors to determine which category of patients with MHI would not need to undergo Computed Tomography (CT). This may serve as a cost-saving measure to patients and hospitals, and likewise reduce collective radiation dose to the population. Methodology: A retrospective study was conducted at the trauma unit of a teaching hospital situated in the Cape Metropole. CT scan images of 50 patients aged 14 years and above who had MHI and underwent CT examination were retrieved from the archive. Patients’ information, clinical history and resultant CT findings were collated. Clinical risk factors were correlated with abnormal and normal CT scan findings. Data were analyzed using chi-square statistic at 95% confidence interval. Results: Twenty-three (46%) of the patients had abnormal CT findings, and all presented with one or more of these risk factors: severe headache (10%), skull fracture (20%), scalp injury (6%), loss of consciousness (LOC) (8%) and intoxication (2%). The results were not statistically significant when compared with the normal CT scans group. Four patients (8%) with no risk factors had normal CT scans. All the patients presenting with the clinical risk factors of nausea and vomiting (6%), and seizures (4%) had normal CT scan findings. Conclusion: Certain clinical risk factors can be used to suggest the probability of abnormal CT scan in patients with MHI. Patients with no risk factors, such as those with confusion and disorientation, are more likely to have normal CT findings and may therefore be exempted from CT examination. Further studies with larger sample size may be helpful in validating these findings.
AN ASSESSMENT OF IMAGE QUALITY OF RADIOGRAPHS IN A NIGERIAN TEACHING HOSPITAL BY FILM DENSITOMETRY
Background: 3000 radiographs covering chest, upper limb, lower limb, lumbar spine (AP) and skull (PA) from the University of Calabar Teaching Hospital (UCTH) were retrospectively studied by densitometry to assess the degree of variation in radiographic contrast over a ten year period (1999 – 2008). Results: The results show that variation in mean radiographic contrast from year to year was statistically insignificant (p < 0.05) for the respective projections studied. This result implies a relatively basic standardisation in image quality arising from consistency in technique acquired over time. Conclusion: The results would serve as a baseline for developing a more robust quality assurance programme in the hospital.
INVESTIGATION OF THE EFFECT OF SOLAR PANEL TEMPERATURE ON POWER OUTPUT EFFICIENCY IN BRASS, NIGERIA.
Background: Luminous efficacy is a property of light sources, which indicates what portion of the emitted electromagnetic radiation is usable for human vision relative to the overall efficiency of a light source for illumination. This also applies to solar panels. Purpose: To confirm the possibility of using solar panel as an alternative source of generating electricity and to highlight hindrances to the maximization of solar panel efficiency in the Niger Delta region of Nigeria using Brass as a case study. Materials and Methods: A Modern digital instrument, BK precision model 615 digital light meter and Alda AVD890C digital multimeter, were use for measurement of solar radiation, current and voltage respectively, under varying conditions of temperature. Result: An average Solar panel temperature of 26.2 oC was recorded in the morning hours. Towards noon, solar panel temperature increased up to 45 0C. Output current also increased from 0.0 to 20.0 x 10⁻¹A. Solar panel temperatures between 26oC and 45oC appeared to favour increase in output current. Above 45oC, output current began to drop despite further increase in solar panel temperature. The best solar panel operating temperature in Brass is 45oC. Between the solar panel temperatures of 26oC and 32oC, output voltage remained relatively stable varying between 8.0V and 8.10V. Conclusion: Within limits, solar panel efficiency appears to be temperature dependent up to a maximum temperature, increasing up to 87.0% at 43.8oC. Higher temperatures appear to be counterproductive on solar panel efficiency.
EFFECTIVE DOSES IN CHEST AND ABDOMINAL RADIOGRAPHY FOLLOWING THE ICRP RECOMMENDATIONS OF 1991 AND 2007 IN A REGIONAL HOSPITAL.
Background of Study: Radiation protection is of core importance in radiodiagnostic centres, to keep both patients care givers and staff of the centres from stochastic and non- stochastic effects of radiation. The effectiveness and protectiveness of aprons are of valuable importance, it is therefore necessary to assess these aprons to ensure efficacy. Such quality checks have not been reported in the South – South region of Nigeria. Method: Twenty two protective lead aprons from 18 radiological clinics in South-South Nigeria were directly exposed to X-rays with average factors of 70 ± 5kVp, 16 mAs and 100 cm Source to apron distance, with 43 x 35 cm cassettes places underneath to cover the upper (thoracic half) and the lower (abdominal half) respectively. Exposed films were processed in each centre following regular processing protocols to obtain radiographs with images of the state of the aprons. Results: Results showed that 68% of all the aprons under study were defective, having cracks (44%), tears (33%), splits (15%) and/or rips (8%). About 73 % of the defective aprons had more than one (1) type of defect. Conclusion: Over two-thirds (⅔) of lead aprons found in diagnostic radiology centres in South – South Nigeria, have shown sufficient evidence of defects to suggest that they may not be useful for radiation protection of the users.